John Steinbeck’s The Winter of Our Discontent was June’s selection for The Mules, my all-male book club. I’ve always had the impression that Steinbeck is solidly ensconced in the pantheon of American novelists and that he represents the era when the best writers were defining what an American novel could or should be.

As pointed out by GG, one of our younger members, the title of the book comes from the first two lines of Shakespeare’s Richard III, a soliloquy by the Duke of Gloucester (the future King Richard III):

Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York

(If you’re interested, you can read the entire soliloquy in the P.S., below.)

When I read Richard III in college, and then in graduate school, I was always slightly troubled by this soliloquy. I thought it was beautiful and thus worthy of my attention. So, I parsed and pondered the lines a dozen times, and was able to appreciate the cleverness of Gloucester’s words.

I eventually arrived at a Cliff Notes-level understanding of their purpose: to very succinctly introduce three of the principal characters and Gloucester’s hamartia (his tragic, fatal flaw). But I always felt that there was something more. Reading The Winter of Our Discontent filled in the blanks for me.

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The Winter of Our Discontent

By John Steinbeck

292 pages

Published in 1961 by The Viking Press

Reissued in 2008 by Penguin Classics

The Plot: Ethan Allen Hawley, a former member of Long Island’s Great Gatsby class, works in a grocery store that his father lost, along with the rest of the family fortune, leaving his children to fend for themselves among America’s working class.

On the surface, Ethan maintains an air of equanimity and good humor. But he is understandably piqued when his wife and children are resentful of their social status and financial limitations. He’s even more disturbed when they seem to devalue the virtues of honesty and integrity that he sees imbedded in his family name.

As the plot unfolds, Ethan’s grasp on his sense of status and his self-respect weaken by degrees. Eventually, he takes revenge against his fate by becoming everything he inveighs against.

There are plenty of connections here to Shakespeare’s Richard III. So, Ethan is Gloucester. His physical stature is long and lean, but his social stature has been diminished due to losing the family store. He is reduced to clerking for it, with all the associated humiliations. He is proud. He is envious. And he acts ruthlessly to recapture his standing.

But the final act is ambiguous. The story ends before Ethan takes the final, tragic action. And that is what makes it a tragedy in the modern sense.

In these ways and several others (pointed out below), The Winter of Our Discontent is a classic modern American tragedy.

 

What I liked about it: The development of the principal theme – that all humans, even (or perhaps especially) those of us that view ourselves as honest and decent and ethical, are subject to moral corruption. And that the erosion of character comes from many places: society at large, the culture of our family, and most of all our own hubris.

I liked, too, the classical Greek idea that these moral weaknesses can be passed down from one generation to the next. You see it here with Ethan’s son.

It has been years since I last read Steinbeck, so I had forgotten, but was happily reminded of, the simple, lyric strength of his dialog. Steinbeck has his characters speaking in starts and partial phrases – like people do in real life. But what they say is meaningful and often musical. That gives the reading of the book a second level of pleasure.

And finally, I was also happily surprised by the content of the dialog on economics – particularly between Ethan and his boss. It was not the sort of simple leftist screed I was expecting from a famed lefty like Steinbeck. It was actually nuanced and complex and truer to life.

What I didn’t like so much: I was a little disturbed by the experimentation with the narration. The book is broken into two parts. Each starts with third-person narration and then switches to first-person. There is even a chapter written in the voice of Ethan’s wife’s friend, and, in Chapter 11, the use of an omniscient narrator. This didn’t spoil the book for me, but it was a distraction.

What I didn’t understand: Ethan treats his wife with equal doses of affection and condescension. And she responds as a good and subservient wife should: with acceptance or, at best, gentle resistance. Did Steinbeck not realize how this diminished the character of Ethan? How it made him less sympathetic? I’d like to think he did – that he saw this character flaw as just another symptom of Ethan’s unmerited sense of pride and victimhood. But I’m not sure. The Winter of Our Discontent was written in the 1950s. It could have been meant to endear Ethan to the reader.

 My overall judgement: This is a very good book for many reasons, especially because Steinbeck had the ambition of writing a modern tragedy – with all the important Aristotelean elements, but in a modern (circa 1950) context.

 

Contemporary Praise 

“In this brief presentation it is not possible to dwell at any length on individual works which Steinbeck later produced. If at times the critics have seemed to note certain signs of flagging powers, of repetitions that might point to a decrease in vitality, Steinbeck belied their fears most emphatically with The Winter of Our Discontent. … Here he attained the same standard which he set in The Grapes of Wrath. Again he holds his position as an independent expounder of the truth with an unbiased instinct for what is genuinely American, be it good or bad.” (Anders Osterling, Secretary of the Swedish Academy that awards the Nobel Prize for Literature)

“John Steinbeck returns to the high standards of The Grapes of Wrath and to the social themes that made his early work so impressive, and so powerful.”  (Saul Bellow)

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Richard III by William Shakespeare

ACT I

SCENE I. London. A street.

Enter GLOUCESTER, solus

GLOUCESTER

Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by this sun of York;
And all the clouds that lour’d upon our house
In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.
Now are our brows bound with victorious wreaths;
Our bruised arms hung up for monuments;
Our stern alarums changed to merry meetings,
Our dreadful marches to delightful measures.
Grim-visaged war hath smooth’d his wrinkled front;
And now, instead of mounting barbed steeds
To fright the souls of fearful adversaries,
He capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber
To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.
But I, that am not shaped for sportive tricks,
Nor made to court an amorous looking-glass;
I, that am rudely stamp’d, and want love’s majesty
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph;
I, that am curtail’d of this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deformed, unfinish’d, sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up,
And that so lamely and unfashionable
That dogs bark at me as I halt by them;
Why, I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time,
Unless to spy my shadow in the sun
And descant on mine own deformity:
And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover,
To entertain these fair well-spoken days,
I am determined to prove a villain
And hate the idle pleasures of these days.
Plots have I laid, inductions dangerous,
By drunken prophecies, libels and dreams,
To set my brother Clarence and the king
In deadly hate the one against the other:
And if King Edward be as true and just
As I am subtle, false and treacherous,
This day should Clarence closely be mew’d up,
About a prophecy, which says that ‘G’
Of Edward’s heirs the murderer shall be.

Dive, thoughts, down to my soul: here

Clarence comes.

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Business, Sports… and Defending the Apostrophe

I ask GP what he’s been doing since he retired late last year.

“Living the dream,” he tells me. “I walk along the beach almost every morning. Once or twice a week I golf. I fill in the rest of the time with crossword puzzles, watching sports or TV or a movie. With Netflix, Hulu, Amazon, and the others, there are so many good things to watch.”

“Too many,” I say.

RS has a part-time job in a hardware store, which he likes. Having spent his life in construction, he knows a lot about building materials and tools. Sharing his wisdom with shoppers makes him feel good.

“I get that,” I say.

I ask him how he spends the rest of his time. Like GP, RS golfs, watches sports, and binge watches “true crime” series on the streaming services.

And then there’s the grandkids. GP and RS agree that time spent with the grandkids is the best. “So long as it doesn’t go more than a few hours,” they add. There’s just so much endurance an old person can muster up for toddlers.

GP and RS are old friends of mine. And they are good friends. But we struggle sometimes to have good conversations. I’ve been trying to figure out why that is.

Here’s my current theory: We grew into adulthood in an era when men were supposed to be the sole breadwinners. It wasn’t until we were in college that the women’s liberation movement kicked in. And even then, it wasn’t about men having less financial and parental responsibility, but about women exercising certain already established rights.

As we made room for women as equals in the workplace and elsewhere, we never expected that our financial responsibilities would be lessened. We would accept some responsibility for the housework and the child rearing, but our primary responsibility to our families continued to be to pay the bills. The more we earned, the better we felt about ourselves. And so, we continued to put most of our energy into our work.

One consequence of all of this was the effect it had on our conversation skills. In responding to the proverbial “What’s new?” we could talk at some length about the challenges, frustrations, and triumphs of our work. Work conversations were generally short and sympathetic, but they were interesting because of shared concerns. After that, the only commonality for most of us was professional sports. We talked about baseball or football or basketball.

For most of my life, I was satisfied with the conversations I had about work. I had plenty to talk about and was always interested in the experiences and opinions of my peers. As for sports, except for several years when I followed the Miami Heat, I had nothing to contribute to sports conversations. So they bored me. But that, as my friends always reminded me, was my problem. It was unnatural for a full-grown man to know nothing about professional sports. To my friends, though, my ignorance posed a different problem: Having nothing to say on the subject, I was, to them, a bore.

Today, almost all of my coevals are retired. That means we no longer talk about work. I am still working, but I’m acutely aware that it isn’t fair to burden my friends with stories of my business struggles. Instead, I talk about what they talk about: what we have done to replace the time we used to spend working – i.e., TV and movies and sometimes books… and the inevitable, golf.

And so, I find that some of the best conversations I have these days are with younger people, my colleagues and protégés that are still actively working. But that makes me sad, because I think that my best conversations should be with my best and oldest friends.

I’m drawing too grim of a picture here. My book club conversations are usually very good. And casual conversations with friends sometimes slip into philosophical discussions about politics, economics, and the disintegration of Western culture. Those I still enjoy. But it makes me second-guess the idea of retiring. I understand the allure of it, but I don’t want to spend the precious time that remains to me pissing away my time with trivial pursuits and then boring others by talking about it.

When we near retirement, we have several choices. One of them is between fixing on what we know or being receptive to continuous learning – narrowing our interests or opening up to more.

I read a short obituary in the WSJ about a British guy that decided to devote his retirement to “Defending the Apostrophe”:

After a career as a newspaper reporter and editor in England, John Richards took up the role of defending the apostrophe, an often-abused punctuation mark.

When he started the Apostrophe Protection Society in 2001, there were only two members, Mr. Richards and his son, Stephen. Soon, however, he had more than 250 members, and some made unsolicited cash donations. Letters and emails arrived from all over with examples of misuse of the apostrophe. Many offenders left the apostrophe out of possessive phrases where it was needed (“The last word was John’s.”) or inserted it where it should not have been (“It’s title was Exodus.”).

He recalled an incident when he saw a restaurant advertising coffee’s: “I said, very politely, to the owner, that it wasn’t needed. That it was a plural. But the man said, ‘I think it looks better with an apostrophe.’ What can you say to that?”

“He was always great fun to listen to,” a mourner said. “If you asked him what’s new, he always had another story and something interesting to say.”

As Anna Quindlen once said, “A finished person is a boring person.”

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This is pretty cool: Google recently announced AI-based technology that will replace the dubbing of movies into foreign languages. I don’t know how many people make a living dubbing, but I do know that many fledgling actors rely on these jobs to pay the bills. No more.

Read about it here.

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Walking With Steve

Once a week, Steve Leveen, a friend and neighbor, and I would take an early morning walk. He’s a better walker than I am. And his dog is a better walker than Steve is. So, the pace we kept was halfway between Steve’s pace and his dog’s pace – which is to say, it was too fast for me.

When this ritual began, I forced myself to keep up with them for the 90 minutes we spent walking. I believed that what I was doing was good for me – i.e., loosening the hips and strengthening the walking muscles. But it had the opposite effect. It broke me down so that I could barely walk at all. It took me five weeks to recover.

Since then, I’ve realized that I’m better off accepting who I am as a walker – capable of walking for half the time at about 75% of the pace. Steve understood, so now we are walking together again, which means talking together again, which is the immediate pleasure of the experience.

This morning, we talked about foreign language acquisition, a subject about which I have a keen interest and Steve is fast becoming an expert.

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Walking and Talking and Speaking French 

After retiring from his role as co-founder (with his wife Lori) and CEO of Levenger, a company that sells wonderful products to readers, Steve got interested in learning Spanish. And that – it wouldn’t surprise you if you knew Steve – quickly morphed into a serious dive into bilingualism. He spent a year at Harvard and a year at Stanford studying it. Then he spent a few years writing a very good book on the subject:

My interest in language began during the two years I spent as a Peace Corps volunteer in Chad, Africa, from 1975 to 1977.

Chad is a French-speaking country. The other official language is Arabic. I spoke neither, but I lied on my application to the Peace Corps, claiming to have had two years of high school French. I don’t know why I did that. But it landed me in N’djamena, the capitol of Chad, in a six-week, total immersion training program that included, among other things, French language practice.

To determine our level of fluency when we arrived, they gave us a standardized State Department test that was scored from zero to 4.0. Getting a 4.0 meant you could speak French like a native. I scored a zero, which meant – well, exactly that: I could speak no French at all.

I’m certain that I would have been immediately dismissed, except that the Peace Corps had already taken the time and spent the money to fly me halfway around the world. Plus, I was slotted to be an English Literature instructor at the University of Chad, and that required no French because the classes were conducted in English. Plus, the Chadian liaison with the Peace Corps was head of the English department. Plus, there was another volunteer that tested as poorly as I had. And he had actually taken two years of French!

When the director saw our test scores, he had two choices: Send us both home (and be short two needed teachers), or give us a chance to quickly learn enough French to be able to function at our jobs.

He gave us the chance, presenting it as a challenge. “If you can learn French well enough to score 1.5 on the test at the end of the six-week training program,” he said, “you can stay.”

We accepted the challenge and committed to it by vowing that we would speak nothing but French during that time. Not even to the other volunteers. Not even between us. Not even a word of English.

There were, I think, five people that had scored 4.0 on the test. Four of them were native speakers. One, I think his name was Richard, had studied French at Princeton. That group was exempt from the mandatory language classes that had already been scheduled as part of our training. The rest of the group was divided into three classes based on the test results: those that had scored 1.0 or 1.5; those that had scored 2.0 or 2.5; and those that had scored 3.0 or 3.5.

Alas, they had to create a separate class for Gromo (my friend’s nickname) and me. We were ferociously determined. We paid strict attention in class, did our homework assiduously, and spent every spare hour learning how to conjugate irregular verbs and decline nouns and adjectives.

At the end of the six weeks, we were all tested again. Gromo and I both scored 3.0 – putting us at a level of fluency usually attained after at least three years of college-level French. Four weeks later, I took the test again. I scored 3.5.

Ours was an impressive accomplishment. It put us ahead of all but a few of the rest of the volunteers. (I’m still impressed by it!) We went from no French to being able to speak it comfortably in less than two months.

One unexpected outcome of this experience was the way it affected my personality. The personality I had developed by that time in my life was largely expressed through what I felt was a strong command of written and spoken English. I thought of myself as smart and clever and displayed my imagined wit by using the linguistic tools available to me for doing so. But for six weeks, stripped of the ability to say anything even remotely clever in French, I found myself in a dilemma: I could be the guy that hardly ever speaks… or speak as the guy that is not very clever.

Apparently I found it impossible to be the quiet guy. Within a few days, I was speaking my modest French to anyone and everyone that would talk with me. But in doing so, I had to humble myself and accept the fact that the person my interlocutors were talking to was not the clever guy I felt I was in English.

I was happy to discover that it didn’t bother me very much. In fact, it didn’t bother me at all. Since I didn’t have the capability of expressing a complex thought, I expressed the thoughts I had in very simple language. The personality I had for so long crafted in English was gone. The limits of my French afforded me another personality. As someone later said, I was like Joey in “Friends.”

Not a bad role to play.

That was the story I told Steve this morning. He wasn’t surprised to hear it. He said that he had heard similar stories over the years while he was doing his research.

After our walk, as I was sitting in the pool, trying to cool my aching joints, it occurred to me that something similar had taken place with my sense of myself as an athlete. Since I wrestle and lift heavy weights six days a week, I had come to view myself as an athletically advanced septuagenarian. That is why I had, without being fully conscious of it, insisted on keeping pace with Steve on those earlier walks. But now, recognizing that I was not at his level as a walker and because I wanted to keep walking with him, I’d had to humble myself and accept a different role as a walker.

In acquiring skills, humility is a critical quality for success. To become competent at anything, you must be humble enough to accept that you are incompetent. To go beyond competence – i.e., to attain mastery – you must be humble enough to admit that you are merely competent. Many people have difficulty with this aspect of learning.

The same thing happens with aging – but sort of in reverse. After becoming used to working and competing at a high level, it can be humiliating to realize that you cannot do it anymore. If you can’t humble yourself into accepting that truth, you end up not being able to compete at all.

Ego can block you on the way up. And it can stop you on the way down.

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Stablecoins: The Latest Buzzword in the Crypto World 

Stablecoins are currencies that, like Bitcoin, exist on the blockchain and offer some of the advantages that the blockchain provides. But unlike Bitcoins, they are not issued in limited amounts.

Here’s how Stellar, a platform designed to tokenize fiat currencies, explains it:

In general, digital currencies have a high degree of volatility. Their prices can fluctuate dramatically, making them difficult for most people to adopt. Not knowing what the value of your tokens will be tomorrow can feel very uncomfortable…. Stablecoin is a digital currency that is linked to an underlying asset such as a national currency or a precious metal such as gold…. Since they are pegged to a more stable asset such as the US dollar, stablecoins were created to manage price swings often seen in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

There is a big difference between stablecoins that are linked to gold (or other precious metals) and stablecoins that are linked to the US dollar (or other national currencies).

The value of a stablecoin linked to gold would rise and fall like the US dollar did when the dollar was tied to the value of gold. In other words, stablecoins tied to precious metals would offer one of the major advantages that Bitcoin offers: They would be resistant to artificial inflation caused by the issuance of more US government debt.

But stablecoins that are tied to the US dollar are an entirely different kettle of fish. The value of those stablecoins will have the same vulnerability to inflation as dollars do. Their values would always stay even with dollar values. They would always be easily convertible to dollars. They would be, in effect, precursors to what I predict is coming next: a digital version of the US dollar.

The money that Amazon, Apple, and Google will be printing in the future will be just another form of stablecoins – digital currencies that are tied to the US dollar.

And like stablecoins, because of this link, none of them will have any intrinsic value whatsoever. They will merely be replica dollars with the same vulnerability to inflation, but they will be perceived by cryptocurrency enthusiasts as something more and better.

This delusion has already taken place with one stablecoin. Tether, the leading stablecoin, has a value of $60 billion.

From a long-term perspective, paying a premium now for a digital dollar is insane. But that doesn’t mean one can’t speculate on the insanity. Despite my view that Bitcoin and similar true limited-in-issue cryptocurrencies will one day be outlawed, I am 100% sure that there are lots of opportunities for profitable speculation in the meantime.

In fact, I have already personally profited from the cryptocurrency mania. Some while ago – just for the fun of being in the market – I bought a small amount of Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin. My profit to date is more than 600%.

And, yes, I sometimes think, “Why didn’t I buy more?”

But then I tell myself, “It’s because you’re a pragmatist, which means you are a dabbler and, when necessary, a hypocrite.”

Speculate if you like with digital currencies. But don’t bet on Bitcoin long term.

Click here and here to read two good short articles on stablecoins.

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Sad and Happy Fake News in the Real Art World

Allen Midgette, the man pictured below, died on June 16 at his home in Woodstock, NY.

Yes, he looks a lot like Andy Warhol, who died in 1987, 34 years ago. That’s not a coincidence.

In 1967, either because he was too busy, too fatigued, or (more likely) because he thought it would be a novel form of performance art, Andy Warhol recruited Mr. Midgette to impersonate him in a series of lectures on pop art that he (Warhol) was scheduled to deliver.

When asked questions by the audience, Midgette would answer them by saying the first thing that popped into his head. “I knew Andy well enough to know I didn’t have to worry about talking too much, because he didn’t,” Mr. Midgette said. “And I knew I could deal with people much more easily than he could, because I did.”

Warhol thought he did a great job. “He was better than I am,” the artist said. “He was what the people expected. They liked him better than they would have me.”

From the NYT:

Allen Joseph Midgett – he added an E to the family name later – was born on Feb. 2, 1939, in Camden, NJ. His father, Jarvis Midgett, was a ship captain with the Army Corps of Engineers and later a harbor master in North Carolina, and his mother, Dorothy (Jones) Midgett, was a homemaker.

He lived in Italy for a time and acted in several movies there, including Bernardo Bertolucci’s “The Grim Reaper” (1962, the director’s first feature) and “Before the Revolution” (1964). By 1965 he was back in New York and working at Arthur, the Manhattan discothèque, which is where, that year, he met Warhol, who had seen him in “Before the Revolution” and invited him to make films with him. Mr. Midgette became part of the scene at the Factory, Warhol’s studio, although he told Chronogram that he had not been as immersed in it as some of Warhol’s superstars.

Mr. Midgette also appeared in Warhol films, including “The Nude Restaurant” (1967) and “Lonesome Cowboys” (1968). And he continued to don the Warhol disguise occasionally, even playing Warhol in a 1991 Italian movie, “Suffocating Heat.” His acting career, though, was limited. In his later years he made artworks of various kinds.

In other fake art news…

A copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” – known as the Hekking Mona Lisa – which was painted in the 17th century and marketed by art dealer Raymond Hekking, was sold at Christie’s on June 18 for $3.45 million. That was about 10 times its estimated value.

And here’s one more…

I just read this in Bill Bonner’s Diary:

“‘Modern’ or ‘contemporary’ art always seemed like a hustle,” Bill wrote. “Now, however, an Italian artist has taken the hustle to a new level…. His work is invisible.” Then he quoted this from the New York Post:

Salvatore Garau sold his piece, entitled “Io Sono” (I am), to an unidentified buyer last month.

Italian auction house Art-Rite organized the sale of the “immaterial” statue in May with a beginning estimated value coming in between $7,000 and $11,000. [It sold for $18,000.]

“The vacuum is nothing more than a space full of energy, and even if we empty it and there is nothing left, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, that ‘nothing’ has a weight,” the Sardinian-born artist explained…. “Therefore, it has energy that is condensed and transformed into particles, that is, into us.”

 

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